Kapitalets mysterium: det ryska exemplet

Som student minns jag väl hur stort intryck ekonomerna Douglas North och Hernando de Soto gjorde på mig. Kortfattat, North populariserade och utvecklade vad som är känt som institutionell teori. I institutionell teori tar man fasta på aspekter som traditionell ekonomisk teori ofta utesluter, exempelvis betydelsen av formella och informella regelverk, normer och lagar.

Ekonomen de Soto utvecklade denna teori som han applicerade på de latinamerikanska länderna, för att försöka ta fram mått på de statliga institutionernas effektivitet. Hans mest kända verk bär också namnet ”Kapitalets mysterium”.

De Sotos huvudpoäng var att tredje världens fattigdom kunde förklaras i stor utsträckning av att majoriteten av befolkningen inte hade möjlighet att registrera landägande, eller att starta en verksamhet, på grund av formella hinder i regelverken. Jag tänkte nedan demonstrera hur samma teori kan appliceras på Ryssland.

En intressant hemsida, ”Doing Business”, använder en enkel metod för att mäta kostnaderna, mätta i dagar och dollar, för att registrera en verksamhet i ett givet land. De noterar att det krävs 54 separata steg, under omkring 1116 dagar (teoretiskt antal, om man endast adderar tiden varje separat steg tar) till en kostnad av ett par hundra tusen rubel att få tillstånd för att bygga sig en lagerlokal.

Här är hela listan:

1 Apply for an act of permission for use (АРИ) to the Department of City Planning Documentation Development at the Architecture and City Planning Committee of Moscow (MoskomArchitektura). 1 day no charge
2 Request and obtain situation plan of district and conclusion for a District Land Commission from the Architecture Planning Department (APD) 15 days RUB 43,680
3 Request and obtain a conclusion from Territorial Union of Land Use Regulation (TOPЗ) 15 days RUB 4,330
4 Request and obtain a decision by the District Land Commission on land plot provision and city planning regulation 30 days no charge
5 Request and obtain clearance of draft disposition of Prefect with the Architecture Planning Department (APD) 7 days no charge
6 Request and obtain clearance of draft disposition of Prefect with the local government 7 days no charge
7 Request and obtain clearance of draft disposition with the Territorial Union of Land Use Regulation (ТОРЗ) 7 days no charge
8 Request and obtain the disposition on preparation of an act of permission for use (АРИ) by the Prefect 7 days no charge
9 Request and obtain a conclusion on compliance of the proposed building with specified city planning and territory use regulations 152 days RUB 4,500
10* Request and obtain technical conditions from water and sewage services 45 days RUB 17,673
11* Request and obtain technical conditions for an electricity connection with MosEnergo 30 days RUB 5,490,520
12* Request and obtain technical conditions to connect to telephone line 30 days RUB 3,000
13* Request and obtain approval from MoskomArchitektura on engineering of the facility 14 days RUB 4,500
14 Request and obtain an act of permission for use (АРИ) from MoskomArchitectura 30 days RUB 6,700
15 Request and obtain disposition of Prefect on the inception of construction design (decision on construction) 60 days no charge
16 Request and obtain approval of design conditions by the Department of Well-Being of MoskomArchitektura 7 days RUB 53,300
17* Request and obtain approval of design conditions by the Department of Preparation of Project Approvals of MoskomArchitektura 14 days RUB 12,100
18* Request and obtain approval of design conditions by local government 7 days no charge
19* Request and obtain approval of design conditions by the Prefect’s Office 14 days no charge
20* Request and obtain approval of design conditions by the Emergency Situation and Civil Defense Department 14 days RUB 14,728
21* Request and obtain approval of design conditions by Moscow State Expertise 14 days RUB 7,364
22* Request and obtain an act of the Moscow Geological-Geodesic Department 15 days RUB 36,700
23* Request and obtain approval of design conditions by the Sanitary Services (Rospotrebnadzor) 30 days RUB 13,800
24* Request and obtain approval of transport routes from the Moscow City Transport Agency 30 days RUB 8,837
25* Request and obtain approval from the State Inspectorate of Road Safety (GIBBD) 30 days RUB 8,837
26* Request and obtain approval from the Department of Comprehensive Well-Being of the city 30 days RUB 4,600
27* Request and obtain approval from the Department of Nature Use under State Ecological Expertise 21 days RUB 29,455
28 Request and obtain Sketch No. 2 from the Moscow Geological Institute 30 days RUB 10,100
29 Request and obtain approval of Sketch No. 2 from the Moscow Architecture Committee (MoskomArchitektura) 30 days RUB 4,000
30 Request and obtain the construction passport from the Moscow Geological Institute 30 days RUB 8,837
31* Request and obtain approval of volumes of “outline of construction arrangement” and “GenPlan” from MoskomArchitektura 30 days RUB 6,500
32* Request and obtain approval of volumes of “outline of construction arrangement” and “GenPlan” from the Prefecture 30 days no charge
33* Request and obtain approval of volumes of “outline of construction arrangement” and “GenPlan” from the GenPlan Institute 30 days RUB 12,200
34 Request and obtain Regulation No. 2 and certificate of approval of Architectural City Planning Decision 30 days RUB 3,600
35 Request and obtain project approval by Moscow State Expertise 60 days RUB 58,000
36 Request and obtain permission for construction (building permit) 10 days RUB 11,460
37 Receive inspection by the State Inspectorate of Architecture and Construction Supervision during foundation construction 1 day no charge
38 Receive inspection by the State Inspectorate of Architecture and Construction Supervision during structure construction 1 day no charge
39 Receive inspection by the State Inspectorate of Architecture and Construction Supervision during engineering works 1 day no charge
40 Receive inspection by the Union of Administrative Technical Inspection (UATI) – I 1 day no charge
41 Receive inspection by the Union of Administrative Technical Inspection (UATI) – II 1 day no charge
42 Receive inspection by Union of Administrative Technical Inspection (UATI) – III 1 day no charge
43 Receive inspection by the Union of Administrative Technical Inspection (UATI) – IV 1 day no charge
44 Receive inspection by the Union of Administrative Technical Inspection (UATI) – V 1 day no charge
45 Receive inspection by the Union of Administrative Technical Inspection (UATI) – VI 1 day no charge
46 Receive inspection by the Union of Administrative Technical Inspection (UATI) – VII 1 day no charge
47 Connect to water services 30 days no charge
48* Request and receive inspection by the Energy Supervision Board 1 day no charge
49 Connect to electricity and sign an agreement with Energosbyt 14 days no charge
50* Request and connect to telephone services 5 days no charge
51 Request and convene the Approval Commission 30 days no charge
52 Request and receive the disposition on operation of building (occupancy permit) 10 days no charge
53 Request and receive plans from the Bureau of Technical Inventory (BTI) 30 days RUB 55,000
54 Register the building after completion 30 days RUB 7,500

Ryssland har jumboplaceringar i alla liknande mätningar. Vad anbekommer det allmänna affärsklimatet sjönk landet ner från plats 112 till 120 mellan 2008 och 2009. Att hantera byggnadslov, plats 180; att anställa arbetare, plats 101; att få kredit, plats 109. Listan fortsätter här.

Sådan här information ger också en del perspektiv på Ingvar Kamprads något korta utlåtande tidigare i veckan om IKEAs problem i Ryssland. Ska ett företag göra allting inom existerande lagrum och förordningar kommer verksamheten att stå still ett tag. Sådant som tidigare kunde accepteras i det tysta, blir ett problem under en lågkonjunktur. Det är ju inte så att dessa problem är nya för IKEA, vilket påpekas i en längre kommentar här. Ryssland är ett industriland med institutioner från tredje världen.

Vilka fem länder ligger i topp? Singapore, Nya Zeeland, USA, Hong Kong och Danmark. Sverige ligger på plats 17, mellan Saudiarabien och Bahrain. De flesta andra EU-länder kommer längre ner på listan, förutom de skandinaviska. Mätt mot de forna sovjetrepublikena, Centralasien och Östeuropa ligger Ryssland på plats 22 av 25. Listan toppas inte oväntat av Georgien och de baltiska länderna.

Tack till Kalle som tipsade mig om en kul blogg som tog upp denna fråga!